Psycho-Social Factors of Terrorism in Nigeria
Keywords:
terrorism, religion, media, psychological, social factorsAbstract
Abstract: The present study aims to build a thorough understanding and causes of terrorism. It discusses probable psychological and sociological factors for terrorist activities. The paper elaborates on the presence of psychopathologies and cultural influences that harbor the mindsets of terrorist individuals. It also highlights the relationship between religion and violence and elaborates on the impact of media and its role on terrorism. The identification of psycho-social factors linked with terrorism and violence serves as a way to better understand the phenomenon. This is likely to promote peace, harmony, and love in Nigerian societies.References
Afoaku, O. G. (2017). Islamist terrorism and state failure in northern Nigeria. Africa Today,
Alexander, Y., Carlton, D., & Wilkinson, P. (Eds.). (1979). Terrorism, Theory and Practice. Boulder: Westview Press.
Badey, T.J. (1998). Defining International Terrorism: A Pragmatic Approach. Terrorism and Political Violence, 10, 90-107.
Bauman, Z. (2004). Wasted Lives. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Caleb, C. (2005). The lessons of Terror: A History of Warfare. Journal of aggression, Maltreatment and trauma, 9, 33-43.
Cooper, H.H. Crenshaw, M. (1981). The Causes of Terrorism. Comparative Politics, 13, 379– 99.
Fanon, F. (1965). The Wretched of the Earth. New York: Pelican. Reprint of Les damnes de la terre (Paris, 1961).
Ferracuti, F. (1982). Asociopsychiatric interpretation of terrorism. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 463, 129-40.
Ferracuti, F., & Bruno, F. (1981). Psychiatric aspects of terrorism in Italy. In Israel L. BarakGlantz and C. R. Huff (Eds.), The mad, the bad and the different: Essays in honor of Simon Dinitz (pp. 199-213). Lexington, MA: Lexington Books.
Fried, R. (1982). The Psychology of the Terrorist. In Brian M. Jenkins (Ed.), Terrorism and Beyond: An International Conference on Terrorism and Low-Level Conflict (pp. 119124). Santa Monica, California: Rand.
Gupta, Dipak K. (2004). Exploring Roots of Terrorism. In T. Bjorgo (Ed.), Root Causes of Terrorism (pp. 16-32). London: Routledge.
Gurr, T.R. (1970). Why Men Rebel. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
Hacker, F. (1976). Crusaders, criminals and crazies: Terror and terrorism in our time. New York: Norton.
Hermann, M.G., & Hermann, C.F. (1998). Hostage taking, the presidency, and stress. In W. Reich (Ed.), Origins of Terrorism; Psychologies, Ideologies, Theologies, States of Mind (pp. 211- 229). Washington, DC: Woodrow Wilson Center Press.
Heskin, K. (1984). The psychology of terrorism in Ireland. In Y. Alexander and O’Day (Eds.), Terrorism in Ireland (pp. 88-105). New York: St. Martin. A. (1978). Psychopath as Terrorist. Legal Medical Quarterly, 2, 253–262.
Hocking, J.J. (1992). Governments’ Perspectives. In D.L. Paletz, and A. Schmid (Eds.), Terrorism and the Media (pp. 86-104). London: Sage.
Igor, P. (2004). Terrorism: The Philosophical Issues. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Jenkins, B. M. (1981). The Psychological Implications of Mediacovered Terrorism, Rand Paper Series, P-6563. SantaMonica: RAND.
Laqueur, W. (2003). No End to War: Terrorism in the Twenty-First Century. New York: Continuum.
Larsson, J. P. (2004). Understanding Religious Violence: Thinking Outside the Box on Terrorism. Hants, UK: Ashgate.
Lemert, C. & Elliot, A. (2006). Deadly Worlds: The Emotional Costs of Globalization. Oxford: Rowman & Littlefield.
McCauley, C. R., & Segal, M. E. (1987). Social psychology of terrorists groups. In C.
Hendrick (Ed.), Review of Personality and Social Psychology, (Vol. 9, pp. 231-356). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
Merari, A., & Friedland, N. (1985). Social psychological aspects of political terrorism. Applied Social Psychology Annual, 6, 185- 205
Muller, E. R., Spaaij, R.F.J., & Ruitenberg, A.G.W. (2003). Trends in Terrorism. Alphen aan den Rijn, Netherlands: Kluwer.
Nacos, B. L. (2006). Terrorism and Media in the Age of Global Communication. In D.S.
Hamilton (Ed.), Terrorism and International Relations (pp. 81-102). Washington, DC: Center for Transatlantic Relations.
Ogar, J. N., & Uduigwomen, A. F. (2009). Suicide: A contemporary issue and its moral challenge. Sophia: An African Journal of Philosophy, 11(2), 60-65.
Ogar, J. N., Ogar, T. E., & Bassey, S. A. (2018). Ambivalence Human Nature and Social Justice. UCT Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities Research, 6(02), 63-67.
Pa, R.A. (2003). The Strategic Logic of Suicide Terrorism. American Political Science Review, 97(3), 343-361.
Post, J. M. (1990). Terrorist Psycho-Logic: Terrorist Behavior as a Product of Psychological Forces. In Walter Reich, (Ed.), Origins of Terrorism: Psychologies, Ideologies, Theologies, States of Mind (pp. 25–40). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
Post, J. M. (1998). Terrorist psycho-logic: Terrorist behavior as a product of psychological forces. In W. Reich (Ed.), Origins of terrorism: Psychologies, ideologies, theologies, states of mind (pp.25-40). Washington, DC: Woodrow Wilson Center Press.
Robert Paul. (1984). Terrorism: A universal definition (Ph.D. diss.). Claremont Graduate School, California.
South Asia Terrorism Portal. (2012). Fatalities in terrorist violence in Nigeria 2003-2012. Retrieved from http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/Nigeria/database/casua lties.htm
Taylor, M., & Horgan, J. (2006). A Conceptual Framework for Addressing Psychological Process in the Development of the Terrorist. Terrorism and Political Violence, 18, 585-601.
Thomas, S. M. (2005). The Global Resurgence of Religion and the Transformation of International Relations. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. Tibi, Bassam. (2008). Political Islam, World Politics and Europe. New York: Routledge.
Udoudom, M. D., Enang, N. R., & Bassey, S. A. (2019). Jesus on non-violence and violent response to conflict situation. International Journal of Humanities and Innovation (IJHI). 63(4), 20–42. http://doi.org/10.2979/africatoday.63.3.0
Wieviorka, M. (1993). The making of terrorism. (D. G. White, Trans.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Wilkinson, P. (1977). Terrorism and the liberal state. London: Macmillan.
Zulaika, J., & Douglass, W. A. (1996). Terror and taboo: The follies, fables, and faces of terrorism. New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
Duke, E. O. (2017). The Relevance of Pusey’s Eirenicon Today: Intercommunion between Anglicans and Roman Catholics. Lwati: A Journal of Contemporary Research, 14(1), 138-156.
Duke, E. O. (2016). Religious Culture in Mental Health Issues: An Advocacy for Participatory Partnership. IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences (IOSR-JHSS), 22(9).
Akpanika, E. N. (2015). Mary Slessor’s Legacy: A Model For 21st Century Missionaries.
Akpanika, E. N. (2017). Religious and Political Crises in Nigeria: A Historical Exploration.
Akpan, C. O. (2005). Traditional African epistemic categories and the question of rationality: A case for reconceptualization. Sophia: An African Journal of Philosophy, 7(2), 38-44.
